Pokémon glitch expert TheZZAZZGlitch found a way to run an operating system on a GBA cartridge, specifically FreeDOS on a Pokémon Emerald save file. If you want to try it, there’s a GitHub repo with all the necessary files.
The project is underpinned by 8086tiny, a free open source emulator/virtual machine that provides 8086 CPU emulation and supports a variety of peripherals. Due to its small size, don’t expect grand use cases for this thing but it’s remarkable that you can get this to run anything at all—and on a GBA cartridge.